This survey was carried out in order to evaluate the classic SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMs that were executed in three different locations of GORGAN. EVALUATION was done over two different fields with 3 IRRIGATIONs and in one field with 2 IRRIGATION over growing cycle of the plants. The results also revealed that there are a grat difference between application of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION methoods and what they were to be in another words it is not justifiable due to factors such as: lack of constant control and management, after application; lack of compatible of design with operation; lack of user's knowledge and information of the SYSTEMs; amount of applied water does not match requirement of the plants; greater influence of business and marketing with respect to high quality design. The mean values of DU,Cu and AELQ for field 1 equal to 59.6, 69.7 and 50.5 percent, and field 2 equal to 70.3, 82 and 50.2 percent, and field 3 equal to 69.8, 67.9 and 45.6 percent, respectively.

In Iran, pressurized IRRIGATION SYSTEMs cover a large area of agricultural land, but water use efficiency remains low because farmers tend to do deficit (over) - IRRIGATION due to their lack of knowledge of crop water requirements. To address this issue, IRRIGATION SYSTEMs can be automated, and it is important to estimate crop water requirements accurately. This can be done based on soil moisture deficit or meteorological data. The water required can then be applied using a volume meter or by determining IRRIGATION time based on the SPRINKLER flow rate. The study aimed to compare crop water requirement estimates based on soil moisture deficit and meteorological data, as well as the amount of water applied using volume and time-based methods.The study was conducted in the research farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, on a SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM equipped with pressure and flow measuring devices, pressure switches, and electrical valves. The field was under corn cultivation, and four types of IRRIGATION management were evaluated, which included a combination of two methods of determining crop water requirement (soil moisture deficiency and meteorological data) and two methods of IRRIGATION application (time or volume). The four treatments were soil moisture - time (MT), soil moisture - volume (MV), weather - time (WT), and weather - volume (WV). The crop water requirement was calculated using the Penman-Monteith formula based on daily weather data. Soil moisture was measured at different depths one day before IRRIGATION, and the soil moisture deficit was calculated to determine the crop water requirement based on soil moisture. The IRRIGATION volume for each SPRINKLER in the IRRIGATION cycle was calculated using equations that written in the paper.In the volumetric-based method (treatments WV and MV), the volume of water applied was measured using a water meter with a precision of 0.1 liters, and IRRIGATION was stopped after passing the required volume of water. In the time-based method (treatments WT and MT), the IRRIGATION time was calculated by dividing the IRRIGATION volume by the average flow rate of the SPRINKLERs (3 liters per second), and IRRIGATION was stopped after the calculated duration. The actual SPRINKLER flow rate was calculated based on the volume of applied water and IRRIGATION time in each treatment and IRRIGATION round. Crop yield was measured at the time of harvest in the studied treatments and a control treatment managed by the Faculty of Agriculture. The IRRIGATION treatments were not applied in the first month of the growth period due to field limitations.The results show that the crop water requirement calculated based on meteorological data at the beginning and end of the growing period was more than the method based on soil moisture. In total, the amount of crop water requirement calculated based on soil moisture was 8% more than the meteorological-based method. The volume of applied water in treatments of MT and WT was 14 and 8% more than in MV and WV treatments, respectively.The actual flow rate of SPRINKLERs was different from the design flow rate due to IRRIGATION situations in other parts of the farm. The average discharge of SPRINKLERs (12 IRRIGATION events) in WT, MT, WV, and MV treatments was 2.79, 3.03, 3.27, and 3.12 l/s, respectively. The IRRIGATION time in volume and time-based methods also showed a significant difference. The IRRIGATION time in MT and MV treatments was 10 and 18% longer than in WT and WV treatments, respectively. The study found that due to the non-uniformity of SPRINKLER discharge, applying IRRIGATION by volume method is better than the time-based method. The results suggest that the MV treatment, which determined the amount of IRRIGATION based on soil moisture deficit and applied it using a volumetric method, is a suitable option for automating SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMs in the studied region.

EVALUATION of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMs while in operation is indispensable for the assessment purposes. Throughout the present study, the performances of hydraulic center -pivot SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMs (A.B) and solid-set IRRIGATION SYSTEM equipped with portable SPRINKLERs were evaluated. Within this concept, the common indicators of assessment were made use of. The results indicated that the solid-set IRRIGATION SYSTEM with Cu 65.52 and PELQ 47.5 is of a lower performance in comparison with the others. Also, SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM B with a Cu of 88.36 and PELQ of 74.28 is of a better performance than the others. Soil moisture uniformity coefficients under IRRIGATION SYSTEMs A, B along the lateral pipes were respectively recorded as 81.35 and 85.77 which are very acceptable. The results also indicated that an IRRIGATION SYSTEM is the most sensitive to wind, which can best be the reason for low coefficients of uniformity.

Agricultural sector is the greatest user of water in Iran, and increase of the consumption efficiency is necessary by considering the limited water resources in the recent years. Hasanlu IRRIGATION and drainage networks as a part of a larger project of Naghdi plan is one of the country's largest projects in the field of development of pressurized IRRIGATION SYSTEMs. Hasanlu network supplies water to the SYSTEMs of SPRINKLERs, surface gravity IRRIGATION, and hydroflums based on the available pressure head at the relevant sites. In this research, geographic information SYSTEMs were used as a framework for storing, management, processing, analyzing and visualization of spatial information of Hasanlo project phase 1 to evaluate water management of this plan. For this purpose, the coefficient of uniformity and distribution uniformity in SPRINKLER IRRIGATION calculation toolbox developed and added to GIS as an extension, to simulate and evaluate the single or multi riser uniformity tests. Also, the risers discharge and application pressure were recorded at the site during the operation of the project. Results indicated that the pressure of risers varied from 0. 5 to 3. 9 bar and average Christiansen’ s coefficient of uniformity (CU) was under 50% that indicated poor water management in the farm level. Also, the satisfaction of stakeholders was in medium level.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecoSYSTEMs upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecoSYSTEMs upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Agriculture continues to be the largest consumer of water in the world.While IRRIGATION water is increasingly becoming a scarce input, farmers have to also compete with other uses such as industry and households. Traditional gravity IRRIGATION is by and large inefficient in using water. Therefore, there is a raising demand by agriculturalists to modern IRRIGATION technology. In Iran, the ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture has allocated considerable funds to promote the use of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMs.It is argued that SPRINKLER IRRIGATION can improve water use efficiency by 70-80%. It must be emphasize, however, that the efficiency of an introduced technology such as SPRINKLER IRRIGATION depends on a number of considerations.-eg. the way it is used and the nature of problems farmers face under the new environment beside technical factors.The present research aimed to determine the problems and obstacles facing farmers who has adopted SPRINKLER IRRIGATION technology. It used qualitative research techniques to collect data from farmers in four provinces of Iran. In-depth interviews were conducted with 124 sample farmers who had adopted the technology. They were selected based on random sampling method in each province.The results showed that there were totally 18 problems, classified into technical, information and economic categories, each of which may contribute to failure or inefficient use of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM. The study presented a number of recommendations to improve the design and implementation of SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM.

Background and Objectives: The uniformity of water distribution in the field affects all IRRIGATION indicators from the aspect of water and soil conservation. When the uniformity coefficient is low, application efficiency decreases,consequently, the product yield decreases and increases surface water and deep percolation losses. Factors affecting water distribution uniformity in SPRINKLER IRRIGATION are classified into four groups: SPRINKLER building, IRRIGATION SYSTEM, SYSTEM management, and climatological factors. In this study, the effect of rotation speed and rotation factor of SPRINKLER (SPRINKLER building), SPRINKLER riser height, working pressure, arrangement and distances of SPRINKLERs (IRRIGATION SYSTEM), and IRRIGATION time (SYSTEM management) in field conditions on uniformity coefficient were investigated. Also, the diameter of water collection containers was evaluated on the tests results. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted on the research farm of Kurdistan University located in Dushan village of Sanandaj city. In the present study, were used from R8 Komet and Luxor SPRINKLERs. The SPRINKLER IRRIGATION model was performed by the single SPRINKLER method, and the experiments were done according to ISO15886-3: 2021 standard. An area of 3600 m2 was networked to the center of the SPRINKLER, a square grid of 3*3 meters. In each network vertices, two models of containers with two inner diameters of 80 and 180 mm and a height of 90 and 200 mm, respectively, were placed to collect water. The pressures tested for both SPRINKLERs were 30 and 40 m. The experiments used two test times (1 and 3 h), two average rotation speeds (1. 5 and 3. 5 rpm), and two SPRINKLER riser heights of 1 and 2 m. The SPRINKLERs arrangement and distances included 18×18, 24×24, and 27×27 in the square and triangular arrangements, and 21×15, 27×21, and 24×30 in the rectangular arrangement. At the end of each experiment, the water volume of the collection containers was measured by a graduated cylinder. All experiments were performed in 3 replications. Also, the wind speed was measured every 15 minutes by EXTECH 45158 tricycle device. Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) was used to calculate the uniformity of SPRINKLER water distribution. The research was conducted in a completely randomized block design with the factorial experiment. SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The effect of container diameter on CU was not significant. The uniformity coefficient of the two SPRINKLERs has a significant difference. The effect of the arrangement and riser height of the SPRINKLERs in the two low and mild wind speeds on the CU is insignificant. The effect of two low and mild wind speeds on CU was insignificant. The effect of working pressure and SPRINKLER distances in the two low and mild wind speeds on CU are significant. The effect of IRRIGATION time on the uniformity coefficient is significant. The effect of SPRINKLER rotation speed was significant on CU. Conclusion: The minimum diameter mentioned for water collection containers, according to the ISO15886-3 standard, is sufficient for the conditions of the experiments of the present study. The SPRINKLER rotation is effective on the uniformity coefficient. CU of Komet SPRINKLER is acceptable for all crops of agronomy and garden, but the Luxor SPRINKLER is only suitable for garden crops. Only part of the decrease in uniformity due to increasing the distance of SPRINKLERs can be compensated by increasing the pressure. Increasing the IRRIGATION time is effective in improving the uniformity coefficient. Increasing the rotation speed of the SPRINKLER due to repairs can effectively reduce the uniformity coefficient.

The purpose of study was to evaluate 8 classical SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMs in Khash city. To do this, water and soil properties of each SYSTEM were studied in terms of quality, soil permeability, salinity and alkalinity. Then pressures and discharge of SPRINKLERs were measured in November 2018. EVALUATION indices then include Christianity uniformity coefficient (CU), distribution uniformity (DU), low quadratic real use efficiency (AELQ), low quadratic potential efficiency (PELQ), evaporation and wind loss (WDEL), deep penetration losses (DP), IRRIGATION adequacy (ADir) and application efficiency (Ea) were calculated by analyzing the measured field data. Average Christianity uniformity coefficient of 76. 1%, distribution uniformity of 65. 2%, actual quadrant use efficiency of 43. 3%, low quadrant potential efficiency of 44. 9%, evaporation and wind losses of 22. 1%, penetration losses of 21. 8%. IRRIGATION adequacy percentage was 79. 2% and application efficiency was 56. 06%. IRRIGATION was completed in SYSTEMs 3, 6 and 8 and in other SYSTEMs due to the unintended dehydration, the true efficiency values and the potential efficiency of the low quadrant application were equal. SYSTEMs 2, 6, 3 and 8 had lower uniformity and uniformity coefficients than the Merriam and Chlorine recommended values. Inadequate design of SYSTEMs, simultaneous use of more than one SPRINKLER, poor user management, and use of nonstandard equipment were the main reasons for the low uniformity of water distribution and water use efficiency in these SYSTEMs. Studies also showed that in most of the designs studied the performance of the SYSTEMs was low. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the obsolete equipment and pipes and SPRINKLERs for troubleshooting. Re-check pumping station to supply needed pressure and educate farmers on the proper use of the SYSTEMs.

This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new theory on the nature of truth, knowledge and falsehood (the Inversion Theory of Truth). Kant’s idea that knowledge could be absolutely certain, and that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence Theory of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as knowledge and falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation and the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe objects and events in the objective (noumenal) state, and that subjective knowledge must contain (and is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions and knowledge are obtained by the biological and evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have knowledge of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, and hence that all knowledge is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori knowledge, and admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.

A B S T R A C TFor choosing suitable place multiple methods are introduced, which examine the qualities, methods and patterns of location selection. The current methods use global approach and do not pay attention to spatial differences, environmental variation in variables, local changes modeled by local weighting indicators. It has been selected as a case study to evaluate the EMS center of Fars province and to evaluate the indicators of distance from the power plant, distance from logistics centers, industries, transportation terminals, hospitals, hotels and tourism, cities, rural areas and custom centers. has been used, using the AHP method to weight the qualities, and then for local weights, non-overlapping neighborhood filtering within a radius of 25 km are used and calculate the corresponding changes, quantity, ratio Presented in this article, the obtained weights, then the compute local weighted layers, and then local weight was multiplied in the normalized layers and the final layer were obtained. In the next step, it was combined and calculated to compare the data using the global method. The results of the two methods were transferred to the points of the EMS and the results were analyzedExtended AbstractIntroductionIn geographical studies and spatial planning, there are different approaches to choosing the right place for all kinds of applications and uses, and a process is followed to choose the best places. This process includes stating the research problem (cognition), choosing the criteria and preferences of decision makers and how to determine the weight of indicators, combining criteria (design) and finally, choosing the best option. In the current methods of spatial decision, the criteria are given a fixed weight, while in geographical locations, the distribution of geographical phenomena is not uniform. In this case, attention should be paid to the spatial distribution pattern of geographical phenomena based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of changes, the size of the range of changes affects the outputs, and the data with a smaller range of changes also have a lesser effect on the output. The data with a larger range of changes will have a more significant effect on the output. Therefore, in spatial analysis, indicators that have small changes are less important. Local models have been presented to model local changes in spatial multi-criteria decision-making; in this research, the main issue is how to model the local changes that affect the expected outputs. MethodologyThe research process is based on multi-criteria spatial decision-making methods (national and local). First, spatial patterns of indicators were analyzed through exploratory analyzes of ESDA spatial data. Then based on the review of the research criteria, the direct weighting method was used to calculate the weight of the indicators, and the experts were asked to specify the weight of the criteria in the range of 1 to 10. The opinions were combined, and the final weight was obtained. First, the data were spatially modelled to model and calculate the local weights. Then Block Statistics spatial filter without overlap was used to determine the neighborhood. The range of local changes, maximum and minimum values, were calculated, and local weights were obtained based on that. Finally, the information layers were descaled. After that, the unscaled criterion layers were multiplied by the national weights and the final national scores were obtained. In the next step, the data of the evaluated information layers (local and national) were transferred to the points of emergency databases. Based on the analysis, the fit was done. Results and discussionGeneral or global weights pay attention to the relative importance of indicators, which is the starting point for calculating local weights. Based on the research results, the most critical indicators are industries, cities and hospitals, which are more important in the location of road emergency stations. However, in order to achieve better results, it is necessary to build a local weight layer. The results of the research show that the indicators' weight and the difference in the criteria (general weight) are not equal in the entire geographical area, and the areas with a larger range of changes have a higher coefficient.Because, unlike general weights that are obtained based on different methods, local weights are estimated based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of changes and are changed spatially, and a fixed value is not considered for all areas. According to the research findings, the highest level in the general and local EVALUATION method corresponds to 0.5 to 0.7. Based on the local (geographic) weight method, it is less than the national or general method in the range of 0.9 to 1. Furthermore, this is due to the more precise nature of this method, which models the effects of local changes. To evaluate the compliance of the emergency centers with the final maps of suitability assessment, the information on the suitability maps was transferred to the map of the emergency center points of Fars province. Based on the EVALUATION of 207 emergency stations, according to the general method, 14 percent are in the high group (0.9-1), and according to the local or geographical method (16.9), percent are in this group. ConclusionAt the level of space and geographical regions, phenomena and geographical complications are not uniformly distributed, some phenomena have a homogeneous distribution, and some have a heterogeneous distribution. On the one hand, the phenomena and decision issues are affected by the context in which they are formed and evolve; on the other hand, these phenomena are placed in the network of mutual relations. Furthermore, the results of the set of phenomena may differ from the results of the phenomena individually and separately; in this article, an attempt has been made to address the issue that in spatial analysis and planning, it is necessary to pay attention to geographical differences in decision-making. Furthermore, it should not be evaluated in general terms of spatial decision problems; one of the methods of modelling these differences and spatial changes is to consider the local weight of the criteria. Based on the research findings, local (geographical) and national analysis results are different and can better show these changes. On the other hand, the pattern of spatial differences also has its spatial pattern, and paying attention to these differences in spatial differences can be the subject of further studies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.